Turbine and Compressor

Efficiency of IC engines and pollution generated from it is largely dependent on turbo charger. Turbo charger is propelled by exhaust gas coming out from the engine and this power is used to compress the intake gas to the engine. Turbo charger typically has two major sections, turbine & compressor.

Turbine

A typical turbine comprises of a collections of fins and a shaft, on which fins are placed. The shaft is supported on some sort of bearings. The fins takes energy from fluid (which is having pressure head and kinetic head) and rotates the shaft. This shaft in turns propels the compressor. Turbines may be one of /combinations of the following two types:

• Impulse turbine

Pelton wheel is an example of this type of turbine. By using nozzle, velocity of fluid is increased while the pressure remains constant, so the change of momentum of fluid particles occurs; hence force is applied to the fins. This type of turbine is an application of Newton's second law.

• Reactive turbine

Reactive turbine is a practical application of Newton's third law. Unlike impulsive turbine, in reactive turbine fluid comes out of turbine and by this way it applies reactive force to turbine.

Compressor

Compressor reduces the volume of the intake gas by increasing pressure on it. Compressor is identical to pump. Pump works with liquid and compressor with gas. All the compressor could broadly categorized under two sections, namely positive displacement type and dynamic type.

Diaphragm compressors, rotary screw compressors etc, are the examples of positive displacement type compressor and centrifugal compressor etc. are the examples of dynamic compressor.

Waste gate

As the amount of exhaust gas increase, it will increase the speed of turbine and thus more and more amount of air is taken for compression and this in turn increase the system intake pressure. Now, if intake pressure increase, it further increases the speed of the exhaust turbine. So by this process speed of the turbocharger continuously increases. Waste gate is a mechanical system, which by passes certain amount of exhaust gas to the turbine in order to limit the turbocharger speed.

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